Hydraulics

It is very important to have specific information to select the proper Power Take-Off (PTO) to match the transmission on a vehicle. A PTO is not transferable from one vehicle application to another especially with different transmissions. PTOs are available in many sizes and provide various capabilities that are tailored to fit the specific context of the application. 

The following ranges of categorized sizes of PTO Series are as follows:

• Medium duty – mechanical and hot shift – 442, 489, 272, 282
• Heavy duty – mechanical and hot shift – 660, 680, 280
• Extra heavy duty – 870, 890, 823
• Forward and reverse operation units – 340, 352 & 863 
• Rear mounts –524, 541 

It is recommended to begin analyzing a PTO application using pre-determined necessary technical information about the work output and installation requirements. Go through the following steps to specify a PTO.

1. Determine the transmission information being used (i.e. automatic or manual, make, model, side of installation). Parker Chelsea has an application guide that will help organize the necessary information needed. There are identification tags on the transmission itself that provide the make and model of the transmission which is required for the application worksheet.
2. Determine what type of equipment is being driven by the PTO (i.e. hydraulic pump, winch, blower). 
3. Find the input horsepower (HP) required of the driven equipment. The power requirements of the driven equipment should be provided by the manufacturer of the driven equipment.
4. Find the desired operating speed of driven equipment. This will be determined by the driven equipment operating parameters.
5. Establish the approximate engine speed desired during operation or PTO ratio (if known). PTO speed is stated as a percentage of engine speed. An example being, required pump speed of 1000 RPM and having an engine operating speed of 1500 RPM. The percentage of PTO to engine speed would be calculated to approximately two-thirds, or approximately 67 percent (e.g. 1000/1500 = 66.67, or 67%). 
6. Define the direction of the Driven Equipment Shaft Rotation with there being two choices, engine and opposite-engine. The PTO requirements will be determined by the driven equipment. It is important to note the PTO output shaft rotation listed on the application page is in relation to the vehicle crankshaft rotation as viewed from the rear of the vehicle. (See Figure 1).
7.  Clarify the type of connection between the PTO and driven equipment with there being a remote and direct connection. 
8. Define the duty cycle as intermittent or continuous. Intermittent duty cycles are defined as PTO operations that last for less than five minutes in any fifteen-minute period. Conversely, continuous duty cycles are defined as PTO operations for more than five minutes out of every 15.  If an intermittent PTO is used for continuous operation, the required torque must be divided by .70 to get the torque requirement for the driven equipment. The PTO will need to de-rated if it was not designed for continuous duty.
9. Determine if there are reverse gear requirements (yes/no).
10. Determine the type and size of the PTO output required (i.e. driveshaft – size of output required, direct mount pump – mounting flange and shaft type/size).

Figure 1

Here are useful formulas to help Specify a PTO:

• Pump Output Horsepower: HP = (GPM x PSI) / 1,714
• Pump Input Horsepower: HP = (GPM x PSI) / (1,714 x E)
• Pump Input Torque (Lbs. Ft.): T = CID x PSI / 75.63
• Gallons Per Minute: GPM = (CID / 231) x (RPM)
• Cubic Inches Displacement: CID = (GPM x 231) / RPM
• Horsepower: HP = (T x RPM) / 5,252
• Flow in GPM using PTO: GPM = (Engine RPM x PTO%) x (CID / 231) x E
• CCM Conversion: CCM = CID x 16.39
• CID Conversion: CID = CCM x .06102
• PTO Ratio Calculator = Pump RPM / Engine RPM

Figure 2 (Remote on top, Direct on bottom)

While not all information is always available, here is an information guideline that can get you started with the right information to help you select the right PTO for your application.

It is important to remember when the appropriate PTO has been selected through the concluded gathered information, review the application guide and make sure that all the necessary information has been included. When searching for a PTO in a catalog, please remember to read the footnotes as there may be additional information to consider for specifying a PTO. This can include transmissions not being able to withstand torque capacity of the PTO and the application or some other unique feature of the unit may be mentioned through the footnotes. 

To further investigate what different PTOs are being offered, including the new 210 series PTO for the 2020 Ford Super Duty 10R140 Transmission, be sure to check out www.parker.com/chelsea to learn more.

This article was contributed by Michael Mabrouk, marketing leadership associate, Chelsea Products Division, Parker Hannifin Corporation.  

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The difference between Machine to Machine (M2M) and The Internet of Things (IoT) can be confusing. While both M2M and IoT involve sharing data and can be connectivity solutions for enterprises, they are different schools of solutions mainly varying in the way they achieve connectivity.  

There are several distinct differences between the solutions when it comes to their basic principle and applications. M2M refers to direct communication between devices such as machines, smartphones and appliances. The communication itself is completed using wired or wireless communication channels, whereas IoT is based on the fundamentals of sensors that can collect and analyze data in real-time. This connectivity of sensors can occur without the intervention of humans.

To map it out and draw a connection between the two: IoT is simply the “bigger vision” of connectivity and is fueled by the advancements of M2M applications. The main deliverable of M2M is to enable businesses to manage and collect data remotely by connecting their device(s) to the cloud. IoT, on the other hand, is a mass-market technology that applies to both consumers and enterprises. Enterprise IoT is increasing in popularity and takes business communication one step further by facilitating asset tracking and management, such as Parker’s Mobile IoT for off-highway equipment.

As the name implies, M2M connects machines to machines, whereas IoT takes machine-to-machine connectivity, integrates web applications and connects it to a cloud. While M2M employs isolated systems of sensors and records of remotely collected and measured data, IoT converges disparate systems into a comprehensive system to enable new applications. IoT steps it up by integrating device and sensor data with big data, analytics and other enterprise mobile applications. Comprehensive achievements like these are rarely captured by M2M systems on their own.

IoT not only provides prognostic maintenance but also improves business processes and operations. For instance, Parker’s Mobile IoT solution records and stores all data in the cloud, allowing visibility and adjustments to machine operations in real-time. Users can access the performance data remotely, making it easy for OEMs and their customers to collect and analyze data sets to identify usage trends and field-based problems with unparalleled intellectual design and insight. 

Simply put, IoT is more than device connectivity, as it is the network of connected devices. The chart below demonstrates a side-by-side comparison of the two solutions to more easily understand their distinct differences.

Undeniably, M2M and IoT share common aspects. The core similarity is that both provide remote access to machine data and both exchange information among machines without human intervention.

In a nutshell, both technologies enable machines to communicate, collect, store and exchange data; autonomously lead to corresponding decisions, and perform tasks with minimal human intervention. Yet, as we can see, M2M and IoT are not synonymous.

The two are different solutions for enterprises and provide different levels of data exchange and collection. M2M and IoT primarily vary in terms of how they achieve connectivity, what they aim to connect, how scalable they are and how the data is utilized. Both, however, have a focused geared toward a more connected and “smart” world.

Learn more about IoT solutions for OEMs. 

Article contributed by Clint Quanstrom, IoT general manager, Motion Systems Group, Parker Hannifin Corporation and Kyri McDonough, marketing communications manager, Parker Hannifin Corporation.

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The last thing one wants to worry about is a loud noise coming from their truck and not knowing why it is happening or where it is coming from. Without proper maintenance and potential improper installation, the Power Take-Off (PTO) itself is subject to making noises that may sound like whining, clattering, clicking and grinding. It is important to note that the sounds one may hear of these noises may not be from the PTO itself but from somewhere else in the system. PTOs also normally create torsional vibrations found in diesel engine applications that have led companies to develop technologies to help mitigate and smooth out those expected vibrations.  

PTOs now in the market have focused on reducing noise and making sure that drivers are more comfortable allowing them to get their work done. Parker Chelsea has developed QT GearTM  technology, a solution to mitigate noise, that can be applied to nearly all PTOs that are engine driven by a live PTO drive gear in the transmission. Examples of some PTOs featuring the technology include the 249 Series and the new 210 Series launching in the fall of 2019. 

Even though the technology is in place, there still may be unique sounds coming from the PTO itself. Here is more information on what might be causing the specific noise types you hear if the PTO is the root cause of the noise.  

When looking into a new installation and hearing a whining noise coming from the truck, a potential cause could be from the PTO having an improper backlash. What improper backlash entails is less than .006” clearance between the (transmission) PTO driver gear and the PTO input gear as measured at the pitch line using a dial indicator. This can cause rapid heat buildup and gear tooth breakage. For an existing installation, the whining noise (pitch sound) change could indicate a possible bearing failure. 

A probable cause for hearing a clattering noise coming from the truck with a new installation can be the result of the excessive backlash. Excessive backlash is created from more than .012” clearance between the (transmission) PTO driver gear and the PTO input gear as measured at the pitch line using a dial indicator. This will lead to eventual gear tooth failure from insufficient contact. In the scenario of an existing installation, it is important to make certain the cause of the noise is from the PTO. It can be determined by disconnecting the driven equipment and running the PTO. If the source of the noise is determined to be from the PTO, make sure to check the bearings and shifter mechanism.  

Clicking is most commonly caused from a damaged gear tooth. The clicking noise itself typically indicates that either one or two gear teeth are damaged only. The frequency of a click can help indicate the size of the gear at issue, with a fast click being due to a small gear and a slow click being due to a larger gear. If a grinding noise is heard, this would be an indication that all the teeth are damaged. 

The common cause of grinding noise can be traced to operator abuse when engaging the PTO. To properly engage for a mechanically shifted PTO, the operator should depress the clutch and then wait for the transmission gears to come to a stop before engaging the PTO. To properly engage for a “hot shift” PTO, the operator should make sure the engine RPM’s are below 1200 before engaging the PTO. For both new and used installation, a grinding noise could indicate that the shifter cable or lever isn’t adjusted correctly. Make sure to check for the correct adjustment of the clutch brake on the transmission.  

Typically, the combination of diesel engines, automatic transmissions and PTOs can result in significant noise via rattle and/or vibration. It becomes more recognizable when using heavy-duty transmissions behind turbo-charged engines and is enhanced by using neutral lock up. (The neutral lock up compresses the disks within the transmission torque converter, eliminating the cushioning fluid that is normally found between these disks.) Please note that this noise is not harmful to the PTO or the transmission. When the engine RPM is raised or lowered, or a load is applied to the PTO, the noise will usually disappear and go away.  

PTOs generally do release torsional vibrations and therefore can be heard on a truck application. Companies have been putting in place their own technologies to help mitigate noise from these vibrations. Even with general PTO noise, the rare whining, clattering, clicking and grinding noises may occur. One will have to distinguish from a subjective matter if the PTO sounds like it is making one of these noises and from there will need to be determined if that noise is from the PTO or another part of the system. Learn more about Parker Chelsea’s QT Gear and PTO support material for the proper product PTO series and technologies for each unique application.

This article was contributed by Michael Mabrouk, marketing leadership associate, Chelsea Products Division, Parker Hannifin Corporation.  

Related articles:

Understanding Why There are So Many Options for Mounting a PTO

16 Essential Guidelines for Safe and Proper Power Take-Off Mounting

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The last thing one wants to worry about is a loud noise coming from their truck and not knowing why it is happening or where it is coming from. Without proper maintenance and potential improper installation, the Power Take-Off (PTO) itself is subject to making noises that may sound like whining, clattering, clicking and grinding. It is important to note that the sounds one may hear of these noises may not be from the PTO itself but from somewhere else in the system. PTOs also normally create torsional vibrations found in diesel engine applications that have led companies to develop technologies to help mitigate and smooth out those expected vibrations.  

PTOs now in the market have focused on reducing noise and making sure that drivers are more comfortable allowing them to get their work done. Parker Chelsea has developed QT GearTM  technology, a solution to mitigate noise, that can be applied to nearly all PTOs that are engine driven by a live PTO drive gear in the transmission. Examples of some PTOs featuring the technology include the 249 Series and the new 210 Series launching in the fall of 2019. 

Even though the technology is in place, there still may be unique sounds coming from the PTO itself. Here is more information on what might be causing the specific noise types you hear if the PTO is the root cause of the noise.  

When looking into a new installation and hearing a whining noise coming from the truck, a potential cause could be from the PTO having an improper backlash. What improper backlash entails is less than .006” clearance between the (transmission) PTO driver gear and the PTO input gear as measured at the pitch line using a dial indicator. This can cause rapid heat buildup and gear tooth breakage. For an existing installation, the whining noise (pitch sound) change could indicate a possible bearing failure. 

A probable cause for hearing a clattering noise coming from the truck with a new installation can be the result of the excessive backlash. Excessive backlash is created from more than .012” clearance between the (transmission) PTO driver gear and the PTO input gear as measured at the pitch line using a dial indicator. This will lead to eventual gear tooth failure from insufficient contact. In the scenario of an existing installation, it is important to make certain the cause of the noise is from the PTO. It can be determined by disconnecting the driven equipment and running the PTO. If the source of the noise is determined to be from the PTO, make sure to check the bearings and shifter mechanism.  

Clicking is most commonly caused from a damaged gear tooth. The clicking noise itself typically indicates that either one or two gear teeth are damaged only. The frequency of a click can help indicate the size of the gear at issue, with a fast click being due to a small gear and a slow click being due to a larger gear. If a grinding noise is heard, this would be an indication that all the teeth are damaged. 

The common cause of grinding noise can be traced to operator abuse when engaging the PTO. To properly engage for a mechanically shifted PTO, the operator should depress the clutch and then wait for the transmission gears to come to a stop before engaging the PTO. To properly engage for a “hot shift” PTO, the operator should make sure the engine RPM’s are below 1200 before engaging the PTO. For both new and used installation, a grinding noise could indicate that the shifter cable or lever isn’t adjusted correctly. Make sure to check for the correct adjustment of the clutch brake on the transmission.  

Typically, the combination of diesel engines, automatic transmissions and PTOs can result in significant noise via rattle and/or vibration. It becomes more recognizable when using heavy-duty transmissions behind turbo-charged engines and is enhanced by using neutral lock up. (The neutral lock up compresses the disks within the transmission torque converter, eliminating the cushioning fluid that is normally found between these disks.) Please note that this noise is not harmful to the PTO or the transmission. When the engine RPM is raised or lowered, or a load is applied to the PTO, the noise will usually disappear and go away.  

PTOs generally do release torsional vibrations and therefore can be heard on a truck application. Companies have been putting in place their own technologies to help mitigate noise from these vibrations. Even with general PTO noise, the rare whining, clattering, clicking and grinding noises may occur. One will have to distinguish from a subjective matter if the PTO sounds like it is making one of these noises and from there will need to be determined if that noise is from the PTO or another part of the system. Learn more about Parker Chelsea’s QT Gear and PTO support material for the proper product PTO series and technologies for each unique application.

This article was contributed by Michael Mabrouk, marketing leadership associate, Chelsea Products Division, Parker Hannifin Corporation.  

Related articles:

Understanding Why There are So Many Options for Mounting a PTO

16 Essential Guidelines for Safe and Proper Power Take-Off Mounting

New Dump Pump Revolutionizes the Dump Truck Market with a Small Frame

5G, which stands for the “fifth-generation” of wireless technology, is expected to change the face of connectivity as we know it, offering faster downloads and better network reliability, which translate into improved efficiency; lower operating costs; and fewer risks, especially in the heavy off-road equipment industry.  

For devices and applications that demand real-time connections, such as those geared towards Internet of Things (IoT), the capabilities and benefits of 5G are vastly promising. The current network, 4G, is inadequate for handling the data load from the ever-increasing number of sensors and connected devices coming online, limiting what IoT is truly capable of achieving. The combined momentum of 5G and IoT will cause the number of internet-connected devices to accelerate even more rapidly in coming years than in the past. For instance, 5G network speeds are anticipated to be as high as 10-20GB/S, allowing for rapid transmission of data between connected devices. 5G also utilizes a multi-band spectrum approach that leverages both high-, mid-, and low-bands, which provides greater coverage in both urban and rural communities.

It’s not clear if many of the IoT applications that are coming in the short term need the higher bandwidth offered by 5G. However, we do know that an IoT enabled piece of equipment transfers very large files to the cloud for processing, and it takes time for uploading through the different layers of IoT structure. However, it is clear that 5G data speeds will reduce the amount of time in data transfer and result in more timely decision making.

In conjunction with increased speed, 5G will enhance mission-critical IoT applications that require maximum reliability and responsiveness due to the reduced latency. For applications where low latency and ultra-fast download speeds are not necessary, 5G will still provide needed support in areas with high energy efficiency requirements and lower power consumption goals, such as smart cities.  For off-road equipment or mobile equipment, the low latency in 5G connections could allow new technologies to be used by off-road equipment transmitting braking or directional information to one another such as in the mining industry. In a truck platoon or other similar automated vehicle connection, it could improve the reliability and speed of the exchange of information between two or more vehicles. Because the data is transferred faster, the systems controlling the vehicle can react sooner - braking if needed or turning - to ensure safe operations.

OEMs and fleet managers of heavy off-road equipment are increasingly seeking to digitalize and automate their operations to increase productivity, enhance operator safety and reduce cost. 5G furthers the conceptual ideas of using IoT solutions to remotely operate machines from a control room and collect machine performance data to optimize the use of the equipment, for example. This creates a need for reliable, high-capacity wireless connectivity in order to support multiple applications and services simultaneously. 5G will provide much more network capacity by expanding into new spectrums, such as millimeter wave (mmWave), which have not yet been used for commercial broadband traffic prior to the deployment of 5G.

There is a lot we don’t know about the impact of 5G.  However, there is much debate about whether or not autonomous mobile equipment will over-rely on telecoms networks. Autonomous vehicles rely on detailed maps and sensors, lidar and optical radar that together creates a detailed picture that they then look for anomalies and take whatever action is necessary. To achieve this, a lot of high-performance processing will be carried out on the vehicle. 

The 5G discussion centers around the amount of data usage. It has been estimated that autonomous equipment will generate up to 4 terabytes of data a day, but only a tiny fraction of that information (maybe as little as 0.1%) will need to be shared with the network. Because of this, self-driving equipment may depend more on on-board processing than the cloud. Therefore, some believe that real-time connectivity will be beneficial but not essential. Telecoms networks will be used for non-real time updates to and from the equipment, but bandwidth requirements for these services is expected to be relatively low.  Autonomous machines is definitely an area that needs to be explored a bit more before we make a clear connection between the two technologies. 

Within the next 10 years, IoT networks will face prominent challenges because the networks will become denser, more complex and heavily loaded than today. 5G implementation can be one of the technological upgrades to overcome these issues. The future connectivity standards will focus on improvement in connection density to handle the massive number of IoT devices, pervasive coverage to reaching challenging locations, low-power consumption and reducing network complexity. Parker is at the forefront of this ever-evolving technology, so click here for more information about our mobile IoT solutions for off-road equipment. 

Article contributed by Clint Quanstrom, IoT general manager, Motion Systems Group, and Kyri McDonough, marketing communications manager, Parker Hannifin Corporation.

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How IoT Systems Will Impact the Future for Off-Road Equipment

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is changing human lives and the way companies operate by continuously enhancing how we connect equipment. When the topic of IoT is discussed, the conversation typically centers around cloud computing and big data analytics, but sensors and gateways are just as much at the core of IoT. In fact, sensors are arguably the most critical element in IoT applications since they are the component that makes the devices “smart”. So how exactly do those sensors paired with the other IoT elements such as gateways create a framework that acts as a central nervous system?

Within the vast array of devices that compose the IoT world, there is a growing number of small, sophisticated sensors that together are transmitting signals like those of the human nervous system. In the human body, the central nervous system collects continuous streams of sensory data and transmits that information to the brain, where it is processed.  Like the human body, an IoT gateway serves as the connection point between the cloud and controllers, sensors and intelligent devices.  All data moving to the cloud, or vice versa, goes through the gateway, which can either be a dedicated hardware appliance or software program.   

For instance, for fleet equipment companies, each piece of equipment is part of an entire connected system where the sensors continuously submits and collects data and send it to the gateway to preprocess before it goes to the cloud to be analyzed. To minimize the volume of data that needs to be forwarded to the cloud, an IoT gateway aggregates the data, which can have a big impact on response times and network transmissions, before sending it to the cloud. 

As the number of devices and sensors grow in an IoT solution, so does the number of communications that will take place over a combination of public and private networks. Communications between the ‘things’, the gateway and the cloud therefore must be secure in order to prevent any data tampering or unrestricted access. Therefore, the data between the sensors, gateway and cloud is encrypted from end-to-end to preserve confidentiality, integrity and authenticity. In other words, only the IoT device and receiving cloud service hold the cryptographic keys and the gateway acts as an illiterate messenger, passing along messages that it can’t decipher.

As you can see, within an IoT system the cloud infrastructure is just as important as the devices themselves. IoT devices are no good if they can’t connect to the cloud. For instance, the gateway Parker utilizes for Mobile IoT, is an IoT solution specifically designed for off-road equipment OEMs and fleet managers. This gateway can be used with any J1939 CAN based control system, however, has a high level of integration with IQAN controllers for a user-friendly experience. By utilizing this enhanced gateway, our Mobile IoT solution connects data from off-road equipment to a secure Parker cloud and then presents information through an easy to configure interface that delivers advanced insights and data-driven value. These insights have the potential of helping users avoid unplanned downtime events through continuous monitoring with the use of alarms or analytical models.

So, whether you are connecting legacy devices or new devices to your IoT ecosystem, an IoT gateway does have a very important role to play when connecting data to the cloud.  

Article contributed by Clint Quanstrom, IoT general manager, Motion Systems Group, Parker Hannifin Corporation and Kyri McDonough, marketing communications manager, Parker Hannifin Corporation.

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The Strategic Approach to Fleet Optimization for Heavy Equipment 

How IoT Systems Will Impact the Future for Off-Road Equipment

Connecting the Dots Between IoT Data and Equipment Efficiency for OEMs